PREPOSITION IN, ON, AND AT

The prepositions in, on, and at can be used to indicate time and place. Notice how they are used in the following situations:

Preposition Time Place In Year, Month, In 1999, In December Country, State, City In Japan, In Utah, InTaipei On Day, Date On Saturday, On May 1 Street On Main Street, On 1st Ave. At Time At 8:00, At 7:30 Address At 815 East Main Street

In many languages, there is only one preposition for the above situations. In English there are three. Just remember that in usually indicates the "largest" time or place, and at usually indicates the "smallest" time or place.

VOCABULARY AROUND THE HOUSE

Attic	People store things in the attic.
Ballroom	A room in stately homes where rich people dance and concerts are held.
Box Room	A small room used for storage.
Cellar	Underneath the house.
Cloakroom	A small room where people put their coats.
Conservatory	A greenhouse attached to a house for the display of plants.
Dining Room	A room where people eat (see eating at home).
Drawing Room	A room in stately homes where rich people entertain.
Games Room	A room in large houses where games are played.
Hall	The entrance passage to a house.
Larder	A small room used for the storage of food.
Library	A room where books are kept.
Lounge	Another name for living room.
Music Room	A room where people play music.
Office	A room where people work.
Pantry	A small room used to store kitchen and dining items.
Parlour	Old fashioned word for living room.
Sitting Room	Another name for living room.
Spare Room/ Guest Room	A room where guests sleep.
Toilet	A room where people go to the toilet (often known as WC)
Utility Room	A room where appliances such as washing machines are used.

PASSIVE VOICE

Use of Passive
Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action.
Example: My bike was stolen.

In the example above, the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.

Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as the following example shows:
Example: A mistake was made.


In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone (e.g. You have made a mistake.).

Form of Passive
Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs)
Example: A letter was written.
When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following:

• the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence
• the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle)
• the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

ASKING IF SOMEONE REMEMBERS OR NOT

Formal expressions:

• I wonder if you remember ….
• You remember ...., don’t you?
• You haven’t forgotten ...., have you?
• Don’t you remember ....?
• Do you happen to remember it now?

Ways to respond:

• Let me think, yes, I remember.
• I remember especially the scenery.
• I’ll never forget that.
• I’ll always remember.
• I can remember it clearly

Informal expressions

• Remember the old house we used to live in?
• Remember that?
• I’m sorry, I don’t remember.

Ways to respond

• Hold on. Yes, got it!
• I know ….
• It’s coming back to me now.

Response if you forget:

• Sorry, I’ve completely forgotten.
• I’m afraid I forget.
• I really can’t remember.
• I’m afraid I have no memory of him.
• Err, let me think. No, it’s gone.
• Sorry, it slipped off my mind.

OFFERING

Definition of Offering :
1. The act of making an offer.
2. Something, such as stock, that is offered.
3. A presentation made to a deity as an act of religious worship or sacrifice; an oblation.
4. A contribution or gift, especially one made at a religious service.

Offering to older people:

• Would you like a cup of coffee, Mr. Green?
• Should I get you a bottle of water?
• Could I offer you a glass of lemonade, Mrs. Lina?
• Would you care for some salad ?

Offering to friends:

• Want some?
• Have some.
• Chocolate?
• Glass of lemonade?
• Grab some for yourself.
• Would you like to have a pancake?
• Why don’t you have some lemonade?
• What can I get for you?
• What will you have?

Accepting an offer:

• Thank you
• Yes, please
• I’d like it very much
• Thank you, I would
• That would be very nice

Declining an offer:

• No, thanks.
• No, I really won’t. Thank you.
• Not for me, thanks.
• No, thanks. I’m not hungry.

SIMPLE FUTURE

The simple future tense is often called will, because we make the simple future tense with the modal auxiliary will.

How do we make the Simple Future Tense?
The structure of the simple future tense is:

subject	+	auxiliary verb WILL	+	main verb
		invariable		base
		will		V1

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we insert not between the auxiliary verb and main verb. For question sentences, we exchange the subject and auxiliary verb. Look at these example sentences with the simple future tense:

	subject	auxiliary verb		main verb
+	I	will		open	the door.
+	You	will		finish	before me.
-	She	will	not	be	at school tomorrow.
-	We	will	not	leave	yet.
?	Will	you		arrive	on time?
?	Will	they		want	dinner?

When we use the simple future tense in speaking, we often contract the subject and auxiliary verb:

I will	I'll
you will	you'll
he will she will it will	he'll she'll it'll
we will	we'll
they will	they'll

For negative sentences in the simple future tense, we contract with won't, like this:

I will not	I won't
you will not	you won't
he will not she will not it will not	he won't she won't it won't
we will not	we won't
they will not	they won't

How do we use the Simple Future Tense?

>No Plan
We use the simple future tense when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking. Look at these examples:

• Hold on. I'll get a pen.
• We will see what we can do to help you.
• Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

In these examples, we had no firm plan before speaking. The decision is made at the time of speaking.

We often use the simple future tense with the verb to think before it:

• I think I'll go to the gym tomorrow.
• I think I will have a holiday next year.
• I don't think I'll buy that car.

>Prediction
We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. Again, there is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen. Here are some examples:

• It will rain tomorrow.
• People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century.
• Who do you think will get the job?

>Be
When the main verb is be, we can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking. Examples:

• I'll be in London tomorrow.
• I'm going shopping. I won't be very long.
• Will you be at work tomorrow?

Going to
You can also use going to to express future. We use it to express predictions based on observing the present situation:

Example: It's going to rain. Look at the clouds!

Declarative sentences:

Subject	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Verb
I/a dog etc.		is/are		going to		go/take etc.

• This team is definitely going to win the competition.
• I'm going to visit my grandma next week.
• Sheila is going to give birth in a couple of weeks.

Questions:

Auxiliary verb	+	Subject	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Verb
is/are		I/a dog etc.		going to		go/take etc.

• Is he going to apologise to Mary for his behavior?
• Is the USA going to close down military bases in Western Europe?
• I can see dark clouds in the sky. Is it going to rain?

Negative sentences:

Subject	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Auxiliary verb	+	Verb
I/a dog etc.		isn't/aren't		going to		go/take

• The Government is not going to lower the taxes.
• "Record is not going to change me," says Mark.
• I'm not going to take my driving test this year.

Shall
You can also use shall to express future in Future Simple. It is more formal than will, and usually appears in formal speeches, agreements or guarantees.

Examples:

• The guarantee shall be provided on the following conditions: (...)
• We shall never surrender!

Remember
We often use "will" with:

probably, most likely	I'll probably drop in on uncle.
I think	This gift is great. I think we'll love it.
I'm sure	It's not going to be boring there. I'm sure there will be a lot of boys at your age
I wonder (if, what, when, etc.)	It's a bit late. I wonder if he'll come.
I expect	I haven't seen Matthew today. I expect he'll call today.

NOUN PHRASES

noun is a word that names a person, animal, place, thing, idea, or concept, or anything considered as noun
The Noun examples
• Persons: girl, boy, instructor, student, Mr. Smith, Peter, president
• Animals: dog, cat, shark, hamster, fish, bear, flea
• Places: gym, store, school, Lake Minnetonka, Minnesota, village, Europe
• Things: computer, pen, notebook, mailbox, bush, tree, cornflakes
• Ideas: liberty, panic, attention, knowledge, compassion, worship

The Functions of Nouns in Sentences
1.Subject of the sentence
2.Predicate Noun (also Predicate Nominative or Subjective Complement)
3. Appositive (noun in apposition)
4. Direct object of a verb
5. Indirect object of a verb
6. Object of the preposition
7. Object Complement (Objective Complement)

Gerunds can also be classified as noun
For example:
• I like swimming.
The word ‘swimming’ is a gerund

PHRASES
• A phrase is a group of related words that lacks both a subject and a predicate. Because it lacks a subject and a predicate it cannot act as a sentence.
• A noun phrase consists of a pronoun or noun with any associated modifiers, including adjectives, adjective phrases, and other nouns in the possessive case.
• Like a noun, a noun phrase can act as a subject, as the object of a verb or verbal, as a subject or object complement, or as the object of a preposition, as in the following ...
• Small children often insist that they can do it by themselves.

A noun phrase is either a single noun or pronoun or a group of words containing a noun or a pronoun that function together as a noun or pronoun, as the subject or object of a verb.

EXAMPLES OF NOUN PHRASES:
e.g.: John was late.
('John' is the noun phrase functioning as the subject of the verb.)

e.g: The people that I saw coming in the building at nine o'clock have just left.
('The people ... nine o'clock' is a lengthy noun phrase, but it functions as the subject of the main verb 'have just left'.)

formation of noun phrase:

a) Idefinite Article(a/an) + Noun
   examples : a truck,                  an examination,                        an investment
(truck is headword, a is word that describe the head.)

b) Definite Article(The) + Noun
examples : the ship,               the soup,           the cars,            the model
(ship, soup, cars,model are headword)

c) Demonstrative Adjective(this, these, that, those) + Noun

examples : This song,                      That poem,                   those disasters
                 That stranger,                These tragedies,           this liquid

d) Possessive Adjective(my, her, your, etc) + Noun
examples : Her computers,                   your ideas,                    brittany’s question

Numeralsexample :

• two tympanis (=dua buah timpani)
• Four members (=empat orang anggota)
• Three guest (=ketiga tamu)

> Quantitative adjective(some, any, much,etc) + Noun
examples: some marvels,                        much wine,                   many wife

>Qualitative adjective + Noun

is words that indicate the nature or circumstances of an object, such as: white, large,Important, harmless, etc.. examples: kind treatments,                    clear sky,                      underpaid works

Noun phrase with the formation Of
Of is used to merge the two nouns or noun phrases, which are in front of the noun is a partof or behind the noun belongs to OF and noun phrases to form a new whole; phrase this thing can still be connected with another of the phrases to infinity.
Example: the roof of the house

FINITE VERBS

A finite verb (sometimes called main verbs) is a verb that has a subject, this means that it can be the main verb in a sentence. It shows tense (past / present etc) or number (singular / plural).

For example:-
I live in Germay. (I is the subject - live describes what the subject does - live is a finite verb).

The perfect infinitive
to have + past participle

For example: to have broken, to have seen, to have saved.

This form is most commonly found in Type 3 conditional sentences, using the conditional perfect.

"Finite verbs can be recognized by their form and their position in the sentence. Here are some of the things to look for when you are trying to identify the finite verbs in a sentence:

1. Most finite verbs can take an -ed or  -d at the end of the word to indicate time in the past: cough, coughed; celebrate, celebrated. A hundred or so finite verbs do not have these endings
   
   
   
2. Nearly all finite verbs take an -s at the end of the word to indicate the present when the subject of the verb is third-person singular: cough, he coughs; celebrate, she celebrates. The exceptions are auxiliary verbs like can and must. Remember that nouns can also end in -s. Thus the dog races can refer to a spectator sport or to a fast-moving third-person singular dog.
3. Finite verbs are often groups of words that include such auxiliary verbs as can, must, have, and be: can be suffering, must eat, will have gone.
4. Finite verbs usually follow their subjects: He coughs. The documents had compromised him. They will have gone.
5. Finite verbs surround their subjects when some forms of a question are asked: Is he coughing? Did they celebrate?

For example:

• If I had known you were coming I would have baked a cake.
• Someone must have broken the window and climbed in.
• I would like to have seen the Taj Mahal when I was in India.
• He pretended to have seen the film.
• If I'd seen the ball I would have caught it.

Non-Finite Verbs
A non-finite verb has no subject, tense or number. The only non-finite verb forms are the infinitive (indicated by to), the gerund or the participle.

For example:-
I travelled to Germany to improve my German. (To improve is in the infinitive form).

NEWS ITEM

News Item: is a factual text which informs the readers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important.

Social function of news item is: to inform readers, listeners or viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
.
Generic structure:

1. Newsworthy Event(s): recounts the events in summary form
2. Background Event(s): elaborate what happened, to WHOM, in WHAT circumstances.
3. Sources: comments by participants in, witnesses to, and expert on the event.

Significant Grammar Features:

• Short, telegraphic information about story captured in headline
• Generally using Simple Past Tense
• Use of Material Processes to retell the event
• Using Action Verbs, e.g.: were, run, go, kill, etc.
• Using Saying Verbs, e.g.: say, tell
• Focus on Circumstances
• Use of projecting Verbal Processes in Sources stages

There are some rules that can help to make newspaper headlines more comprehensible.

• The passive voice is used without the appropriate form of “be”.
Example: Town ‘Contaminated’

Complete Sentence: Town is contaminated.

• It is unusual to find complex forms, generally the simple present form is used
Example: Fire Destroys over 2,511 acres of Forest in 2003-2004
Complete Sentence: Fire has destroyed over 2,511 acres of forest in 2003-2004.

» The present progressive tense is used, usually to describe something that is changing or developing, but the auxiliary verb is usually left out.
Example: World Heading for Energy Crisis
Complete Sentence: The world is heading for an energy crisis.

» To refer to the future, headlines often use the infinitive.
• Example: Queen to Visit Samoa.
• Complete Sentence: The Queen is going to visit Samoa.

» Headlines are not always complete sentences.
Example: More earthquakes in Japan.
Complete Sentence: More earthquakes happened in Japan

INTRODUCTORY IT

When the subject is an infinitive phrase, the sentence often begins with it.Instead of saying ‘To find fault with others is easy’, we say, ‘It is easy to find fault with others’. More examples are given below.

• It is easy to learn English. (More natural than ‘To learn English is easy’.)
• It was not easy to understand his motive.
• It may be advisable to consult a specialist.
• It could be dangerous to drive so fast.
• It was pleasant to sit on the beach.

However, when we want to emphasize the infinitive phrase, it may be put at the beginning especially if it is short.

• To err is human.
• To withdraw now will be sheer folly.

When the subject is a phrase that includes a gerund, it is used as a provisional subject to begin the sentence. Instead of saying ‘Your trying to deceive us is no good’, we may say ‘It is no good your trying to deceive us’.

• Will it be any good my talking to him about it?
• It is no use arguing with him.
• It won’t be much good complaining to the officer about it.

When the subject is a clause, the sentence usually begins with it. So instead of saying ‘That he was once a communist is true’, we say, ‘It is true that he was once a communist’.

• It does not matter whether he comes or not. (Whether he comes or not does not matter.)
• It is required that he should pay the fine. (That he should pay the fine is required.)
• It is clear that he overheard our conversation. (That he overheard our conversation is clear.)
• It is clear that you are not interested in this offer. (That you are not interested in the offer is clear.)
• It cannot be denied that they tried their best to help him. (That they tried their best to help him cannot be denied. )
• It doesn’t matter whether we buy it now or later. (Whether we buy it now or later does not matter. )

Introductory it is also used with seem, appear and look when the subject is an infinitive phrase, a phrase with a gerund in it or a clause.

• It looked doubtful whether she would come
• It seemed strange that she should behave like that.
• It seems possible that she may quit the job.
• It appeared unwise to offend him.
• It does not seem much good going on with the work.

Introductory it as an objectIt is sometimes used as the object of the verbs think, feel, deem, count, consider etc.

• Don’t you think it dangerous to drive so carelessly?
• I consider it a privilege to have this opportunity of welcoming you.
• I think it odd that she doesn’t write to me these days.
• I think it a pity that she could not win.
• We think it improper that he should be so dictatorial.
• He made it clear what he wanted.
• I find it difficult to talk to him.

Introductory it in questions
The introductory it is sometimes used in questions.

• Who was it that broke the window?
• It is Peter who broke the window.
• Why was it that he stole the bread?
• It was because he was poor that he stole the bread.
• When was it that the manager came?
• It was at 10 am that the manager came.

Note that the gerund can be changed into the infinitive.
Will it be any good for me to talk to him about it?

DESCRIPTIVE TEXT

The Definition and Purpose of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text is a text which say what a person or a thing is like. Its purpose is to describe and reveal a particular person, place, or thing.

The Generic Structure of Descriptive Text
Descriptive text has structure as below:
Identification; identifying the phenomenon to be described.
Description; describing the phenomenon in parts, qualities, or/and characteristics.

The Language Feature of Descriptive Text
Using attributive and identifying process.
Using adjective and classifiers in nominal group.
Using simple present tense

EXAMPLE:

THE MOON

Identification:

Moon is the earth's satellite which we often see in the night. The Moon is the one place in our solar system where humans have visited. For the firs time on July 20, 1969, astronauts Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin landed the Lunar Module of Apollo 11 on the surface of the Moon. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the Moon. However do you know what descriptive facts about the Moon are?

Description :
The moon rises in the east and sets in the west. It moves toward the east in our sky by about 12 degrees each day. The Moon is about 384,400 kilometers from Earth. The Moon has a diameter of 2,000 miles which is like to 3,476 kilometers.

The surface of the Moon has many things, such as craters, lava plains, mountains, and valleys. Scientists believe the craters were formed around 3.5 to 4.5 billion years ago by meteors hitting the moon's surface. The Moon does not have atmosphere, wind and weather that is why the footprints left there on the Moon by the Apollo astronauts will remain there for millions of years.

The Moon is not a light source. It mean that Moon does not make its own light. It reflects light from the sun. All of us can can see the Moon especially in the night because light from the Sun bounces off it back to the Earth. If the Sun wasn't there, we can not see the Moon.

The moon influences many of the tides in the oceans. This is because of the gravity force between the Earth and Moon. At full Moon and new Moon, the Sun, Earth and Moon are lined up, producing the higher than normal tides. When the Moon is at first or last quarter, it forms smaller neap tides.

Significant Grammatical Features

• Focus on specific Participant
• Use of attributes and identifying Processes
• Frequent use of Epithets and Classifiers in nominal groups
• Use of simple present tense 

Significant Lexicogrammatical Features

• Focus on Specific Participantas
• Use of Attributive and Identifying Processes.
• Frequent use of epithets Classifiers in nominal grups.
• Use of simple present tense

DIRECT & INDIRECT SPEECH

Direct speech : refers to reproducing another persons excact word. We use quotation marks (" ")

Example of Direct Speech :
1. Jani said, “I’m very busy .”
2. They said, “We have bought a picture.”
3. He said, “I am learning my lesson.”
4. Lisa says, “I got the first prize.”
5. You said, “I will come to help him.”
6. Oskar will say, “I will do my best.”


Indirect speech : refers to reproducing the idea of another persons
word.

There are 3 kinds of indirect speech :
1. Imperrative (command/request)
2. interrogative (question)
3. Declarative (statement)


Example :
1. Imperrative (command / request)
Direct : Mrs. Rika said to Dina, "Don't wory about it."
Indirect : Mrs. Rika told Dina not to wory about it.

2. Interrogative (question)
Direct : Risa asked to Nico, "Are you a journalist?"
Indirect : Risa asked if / whether He was journalist.

3. Declarative (statement)
Direct : Mr. Dion said, "I worked hard yesterday."
Indirect : Mr. Dion said that he worked hard the day before.


In comand sentences, direct speech can changed to indirect speech with change "Said" to be "Ordered", "Told", and "Forbade".
Example :
1. Direct : Hamid said, "Open the door!"
Indirect : Hamid ordered to open the door.

2. Direct : Hamid said, "Dul, come here!"
Indirect : Hamid told Dul to come there.

3. Direct : Hamid said to Andi, "Do not disturb me!"
Indirect : Hamid forbade Andi to disturb him.

MODALS IN THE PAST FORM

Modals in the past are :

1) Could.
         "Could" is used to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests. "Could" is also commonly used in conditional sentences as the conditional form of "can."


Examples:

• Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibility
• Nancy could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past ability
• You could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestion
• Could I use your computer to email my boss? request
• We could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional

more about COULD



2) Might

"Might" is most commonly used to express possibility. It is also often used in conditional sentences. English speakers can also use "might" to make suggestions or requests, although this is less common in American English.

Examples:

• Your purse might be in the living room. possibility
• If I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditional
• You might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestion
• Might I borrow your pen? request

more about might

3) Would.

        "Would" is most commonly used to create conditional verb forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." Additionally, "would" can indicate repetition in the past. For more information on the grammar behind the modal verb "would," visit the following tutorials:Conditional Tutorial, Future in the Past, and Would Always.

Examples:

• If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. conditional
• I knew that she would be very successful in her career. past of "will"
• When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. repetition

MORE ABOUT WOULD

4) Should.

            "Should" is most commonly used to make recommendations or give advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

Examples:

• When you go to Berlin, you should visit the palaces in Potsdam. recommendation
• You should focus more on your family and less on work. advice
• I really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligation
• By now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

MORE ABOUT SHOULD

The formula of Modals in the past form :
A.COULD + VERB BASE.

>To offer Suggestion or Possibilities.
Example :
Cika : “I’m having trouble with math.”
Riko : “Why you don’t ask Kiki? Perhaps she could help you.”

>To indicate that ability existed in the past but doesn’t exist now.
Example :
Santi : “Nik, can you climb the mango tree?”
Niko : “Well, I could climb the mango tree when I was so young, but I think I’m too heavy to climb it.”

B. WOULD + VERB BASE.
>For an action that was repeated regulary in the past.
Example :
Ani : “What did you do on holidays?”
Risma : “I would visit my grandparents and my other family in the village, but how not anymore.”

>Insert rather into the pattern and use this expression to express preferences.
Example :
Jerry : “What would you rather do in weekend, go to the party or stay at home?”
Lita : “I would rather stay at home than go to the party.”

>To express polite request.
Example :
Mr. Willy : “Would you mind posting the letter?
Reva : “No, not at all.”


C.SHOULD + VERB BASE.
>To give definite advice.
Example :
Mother : “Neva, you should study tonight. You will have math test tomorrow, won’t you?”
Neva : “I will, Mom.

D.MIGHT + VERB BASE.
Ø To tell possibilities
Example :
Dina : “Why is Riko taking the bus to get home?”
Rita : “He might get a flat time.”

Ø To express polite request.
Example :
Dimas : “Might I borrow your book?”

Vera : “Yes, of course.”

MODALS IN THE PAST 

could	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I could go out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. Tom could walk by the age of 8 months.

could have	possibility, but did not happen e.g. I could have passed my driving test if I'd really tried.
	uncertainty e.g. I guess it could have been Sandra on the phone.

    

couldn't	permission e.g. When I was a teenager, I couldn't stay out as late as I wanted.
	general ability e.g. I couldn't walk until I was 2.
	ability in a particular situation e.g. I tried hard but I couldn't persuade him to go to the party with us.

couldn't have	possibility/ability e.g. I couldn't possibly have passed my driving test, even if I'd tried harder.
	uncertainty e.g. It couldn't have been Sandra on the phone, could it?
	with comparative adjectives e.g. I couldn't have asked for better weather on my wedding day.
	unwillingness e.g. I couldn't have left the dog in the car for long (so I didn't).

might have	possibility (didn't happen) e.g. You might have been killed!
	uncertainty e.g. I guess I might have been a bit hard on her when she came home an hour late.
	annoyance at someone's failure to do something e.g. You might have told me that you had invited all your colleagues round for dinner!
	might have known + would (idiom to ironically express that somebody's action was typical) e.g. I might have known that he would finish with me as soon as he found out I wasn't wealthy!

might not have

uncertainty e.g. He may not have found out yet that he has passed the test.

should have	expectation Why is she late?  She should have arrived by now!
	should have + verbs of thinking e.g. I should have thought you knew.
	with be and adjectives, describing chance e.g. It was weird that you should have been staying in the same hostel last month.
	criticism (you didn't do something, but it would have been the right thing to do) e.g.  The party was such fun last night!  You should have come!